OPRA Exam Topics

Exam format and contents

Therapeutics & Patient Care

Therapeutics & Patient Care (45%)

• Clinical decision‑making using real case scenarios

• Medication management & safety

• Drug interactions, adverse effects, contraindications

• Patient‑focused care principles

Biomedical Sciences

Biomedical Sciences (20%)

• Physiological processes & body systems

• Pathophysiology of diseases

• Microbiology and immunology basics relevant to pharmacy practice

• Drug actions on biological systems

• Mechanisms of action and adverse reactions

• Therapeutic uses and toxicology principles

Pharmacology & Toxicology (15%)

Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics (10%)

• Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)

• Drug concentration–effect relationships

• Factors affecting drug action and dosing

Medicinal Chemistry & Biopharmaceutics (10%)

• Physicochemical drug properties

• Drug formulations and stability

• Factors influencing drug delivery and bioavailability